Films, ContinuedFilm contrastFilm contrast is the difference in density between areas in negatives. Afterdevelopment, grains of silver halides remain in film but are redistributed tocreate tonal areas of grey. These grey areas range from very dense to verythin, depending on the brightness of the objects in the scene. The portions ofnegatives where the most silver halides are affected are referred to ashighlights. The portions that are least affected are called shadows. Lightreflections from objects other than the brightest and the darkest are referredto as midtones. The amount of metallic silver deposited in any portion of anegative is referred to as density. Density describes the light-stopping abilityof a negative.Film emulsionlatitudeEmulsion latitude is the ability of a film to record a range of scene brightnessdifferences as density differences. Normal- and low-contrast emulsionsrecord a wide range of brightness. High-contrast films record a short rangeof brightnesses and are considered to have a narrow latitude.Film exposurelatitudeExposure latitude is the amount of departure (increase or decrease) from theideal exposure setting the film will allow while still producing negatives ofacceptable contrast.Film emulsiondefinitionEmulsion definition is the ability of films to produce clear, sharp images.Emulsion definition includes graininess, resolving power (resolution), andacutance (the ability to produce sharp edges).GRAININESS: Graininess is a speckled, mottled, or granular appearance onthe surface of negatives that is magnified in prints. The amount of apparentgrain depends on the size of silver halides, the exposure the film received,and the clumping of the silver grains during development. Extremegraininess is called reticulation and may be used creatively to add interest toa layout.RESOLUTION: Resolution is the ability of films to record fine detail. Theresolution or resolving power is expressed as line pairs per millimeter. Asnegatives are enlarged, resolution lessens and grain increases. This softeningof the image becomes most apparent when cropping 35mm negatives andenlarging them in print.Continued on next page7-39
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